中华人民共和国民法通则(附英文)

【时 效 性】 有效 【颁布日期】 1986-04-12
【颁布单位】 全国人民代表大会 【实施日期】 1987-01-01
【法规层次】 法律及有关法律问题的决定 【文  号】 主席令〔1986〕37号
【首选类别】 国家基本法规 【次选类别】
【其它类别】 【其它类别】
【关 键 字】 中华人民共和国民法通则

(题注:一九八六年四月十二日第六届全国人民代表大会第四次会议通过)

中华人民共和国主席令

37

  

  《中华人民共和国民法通则》已由中华人民共和国第六届全国人民代表大会第四次会议于一九八六年四月十二日通过,现予公布,自一九八七年一月一日起施行。

                                           

   中华人民共和国主席 李先念                                                

   一九八六年四月十二日 目录

    第一章 基本原则

    第二章 公民(自然人)

        第一节 民事权利能力和民事行为能力

        第二节 监护

        第三节 宣告失踪和宣告死亡

        第四节 个体工商户、农村承包经营户

        第五节 个人合伙

    第三章  法人

        第一节 一般规定

        第二节 企业法人

        第三节 机关、事业单位和社会团体法人

        第四节 联营

    第四章 民事法律行为和代理

        第一节 民事法律行为

        第二节 代理

    第五章 民事权利

        第一节 财产所有权和与财产所有权有关的财产权

        第二节 债权

        第三节 知识产权

        第四节 人身权

    第六章 民事责任

        第一节 一般规定

        第二节 违反合同的民事责任

        第三节 侵权的民事责任

        第四节 承担民事责任的方式

    第七章 诉讼时效

    第八章 涉外民事关系的法律适用

    第九章 附则

第一章  基本原则

    第一条 为了保障公民、法人的合法的民事权益,正确调整民事关系,适应社会主义现代化建设事业发展的需要,根据宪法和我国实际情况,总结民事活动的实践经验,制定本法。

    第二条 中华人民共和国民法调整平等主体的公民之间、法人之间、公民和法人之间的财产关系和人身关系。

    第三条 当事人在民事活动中的地位平等。

    第四条 民事活动应当遵循自愿、公平、等价有偿、诚实信用的原则。

    第五条 公民、法人的合法的民事权益受法律保护,任何组织和个人不得侵犯。

    第六条 民事活动必须遵守法律,法律没有规定的,应当遵守国家政策。

    第七条 民事活动应当尊重社会公德,不得损害社会公共利益,破坏国家经济计划,扰乱社会经济秩序。

    第八条 在中华人民共和国领域内的民事活动,适用中华人民共和国法律,法律另有规定的除外。

    本法关于公民的规定,适用于在中华人民共和国领域内的外国人、无国籍人,法律另有规定的除外。

第二章  公民(自然人)

第一节  民事权利能力和民事行为能力

    第九条 公民从出生时起到死亡时止,具有民事权利能力,依法享有民事权利,承担民事义务。

    第十条 公民的民事权利能力一律平等。

    第十一条 十八周岁以上的公民是成年人,具有完全民事行为能力,可以独立进行民事活动,是完全民事行为能力人。

    十六周岁以上不满十八周岁的公民,以自己的劳动收入为主要生活来源的,视为完全民事行为能力人。

    第十二条 十周岁以上的未成年人是限制民事行为能力人,可以进行与他的年龄、智力相适应的民事活动;其他民事活动由他的法定代理人代理,或者征得他的法定代理人的同意。

    不满十周岁的未成年人是无民事行为能力人,由他的法定代理人代理民事活动。

    第十三条 不能辨认自己行为的精神病人是无民事行为能力人,由他的法定代理人代理民事活动。

    不能完全辨认自己行为的精神病人是限制民事行为能力人,可以进行与他的精神健康状况相适应的民事活动;其他民事活动由他的法定代理人代理,或者征得他的法定代理人的同意。

    第十四条 无民事行为能力人、限制民事行为能力人的监护人是他的法定代理人。

    第十五条 公民以他的户籍所在地的居住地为住所,经常居住地与住所不一致的,经常居住地视为住所。

第二节  监护

    第十六条 未成年人的父母是未成年人的监护人。

    未成年人的父母已经死亡或者没有监护能力的,由下列人员中有监护能力的人担任监护人:

    (一)祖父母、外祖父母;

    (二)兄、姐;

    (三)关系密切的其他亲属、朋友愿意承担监护责任,经未成年人的父、母的所在单位或者未成年人住所地的居民委员会、村民委员会同意的。

    对担任监护人有争议的,由未成年人的父、母的所在单位或者未成年人住所地的居民委员会、村民委员会在近亲属中指定。对指定不服提起诉讼的,由人民法院裁决。

    没有第一款、第二款规定的监护人的,由未成年人的父、母的所在单位或者未成年人住所地的居民委员会、村民委员会或者民政部门担任监护人。

    第十七条 无民事行为能力或者限制民事行为能力的精神病人,由下列人员担任监护人:

    (一)配偶;

    (二)父母;

    (三)成年子女;

    (四)其他近亲属;

    (五)关系密切的其他亲属、朋友愿意承担监护责任,经精神病人的所在单位或者住所地的居民委员会、村民委员会同意的。

    对担任监护人有争议的,由精神病人的所在单位或者住所地的居民委员会、村民委员会在近亲属中指定。对指定不服提起诉讼的,由人民法院裁决。

    没有第一款规定的监护人的,由精神病人的所在单位或者住所地的居民委员会、村民委员会或者民政部门担任监护人。

    第十八条 监护人应当履行监护职责,保护被监护人的人身、财产及其他合法权益,除为被监护人的利益外,不得处理被监护人的财产。

    监护人依法履行监护的权利,受法律保护。

    监护人不履行监护职责或者侵害被监护人的合法权益的,应当承担责任;给被监护人造成财产损失的,应当赔偿损失。人民法院可以根据有关人员或者有关单位的申请,撤销监护人的资格。

    第十九条 精神病人的利害关系人,可以向人民法院申请宣告精神病人为无民事行为能力人或者限制民事行为能力人。

    被人民法院宣告为无民事行为能力人或者限制民事行为能力人的,根据他健康恢复的状况,经本人或者利害关系人申请,人民法院可以宣告他为限制民事行为能力人或者完全民事行为能力人。

第三节  宣告失踪和宣告死亡

    第二十条 公民下落不明满二年的,利害关系人可以向人民法院申请宣告他为失踪人。

    战争期间下落不明的,下落不明的时间从战争结束之日起计算。

    第二十一条 失踪人的财产由他的配偶、父母、成年子女或者关系密切的其他亲属、朋友代管。代管有争议的,没有以上规定的人或者以上规定的人无能力代管的,由人民法院指定的人代管。

    失踪人所欠税款、债务和应付的其他费用,由代管人从失踪人的财产中支付。

    第二十二条 被宣告失踪的人重新出现或者确知他的下落,经本人或者利害关系人申请,人民法院应当撤销对他的失踪宣告。

    第二十三条 公民有下列情形之一的,利害关系人可以向人民法院申请宣告他死亡:

    (一)下落不明满四年的;

    (二)因意外事故下落不明,从事故发生之日起满二年的。

    战争期间下落不明的,下落不明的时间从战争结束之日起计算。

    第二十四条 被宣告死亡的人重新出现或者确知他没有死亡,经本人或者利害关系人申请,人民法院应当撤销对他的死亡宣告。

    有民事行为能力人在被宣告死亡期间实施的民事法律行为有效。

    第二十五条 被撤销死亡宣告的人有权请求返还财产。依照继承法取得他的财产的公民或者组织,应当返还原物;原物不存在的,给予适当补偿。

第四节  个体工商户、农村承包经营户

    第二十六条 公民在法律允许的范围内,依法经核准登记,从事工商业经营的,为个体工商户。个体工商户可以起字号。

    第二十七条 农村集体经济组织的成员,在法律允许的范围内,按照承包合同规定从事商品经营的,为农村承包经营户。

    第二十八条 个体工商户、农村承包经营户的合法权益,受法律保护。

    第二十九条 个体工商户、农村承包经营户的债务,个人经营的,以个人财产承担;家庭经营的,以家庭财产承担。

第五节  个人合伙

    第三十条 个人合伙是指两个以上公民按照协议,各自提供资金、实物、技术等,合伙经营、共同劳动。

    第三十一条 合伙人应当对出资数额、盈余分配、债务承担、入伙、退伙、合伙终止等事项,订立书面协议。

    第三十二条 合伙人投入的财产,由合伙人统一管理和使用。

    合伙经营积累的财产,归合伙人共有。

    第三十三条 个人合伙可以起字号,依法经核准登记,在核准登记的经营范围内从事经营。

    第三十四条 个人合伙的经营活动,由合伙人共同决定,合伙人有执行和监督的权利。

    合伙人可以推举负责人。合伙负责人和其他人员的经营活动,由全体合伙人承担民事责任。

    第三十五条 合伙的债务,由合伙人按照出资比例或者协议的约定,以各自的财产承担清偿责任。

    合伙人对合伙的债务承担连带责任,法律另有规定的除外。偿还合伙债务超过自己应当承担数额的合伙人,有权向其他合伙人追偿。

第三章 法人

第一节  一般规定

    第三十六条 法人是具有民事权利能力和民事行为能力,依法独立享有民事权利和承担民事义务的组织。

    法人的民事权利能力和民事行为能力,从法人成立时产生,到法人终止时消灭。

    第三十七条 法人应当具备下列条件:

    (一)依法成立;

    (二)有必要的财产或者经费;

    (三)有自己的名称、组织机构和场所;

    (四)能够独立承担民事责任。

    第三十八条 依照法律或者法人组织章程规定,代表法人行使职权的负责人,是法人的法定代表人。

    第三十九条 法人以它的主要办事机构所在地为住所。

    第四十条 法人终止,应当依法进行清算,停止清算范围外的活动。

第二节  企业法人

    第四十一条 全民所有制企业、集体所有制企业有符合国家规定的资金数额,有组织章程、组织机构和场所,能够独立承担民事责任,经主管机关核准登记,取得法人资格。

    在中华人民共和国领域内设立的中外合资经营企业、中外合作经营企业和外资企业,具备法人条件的,依法经工商行政管理机关核准登记,取得中国法人资格。

    第四十二条 企业法人应当在核准登记的经营范围内从事经营。

    第四十三条企业法人对它的法定代表人和其他工作人员的经营活动,承担民事责任。

    第四十四条 企业法人分立、合并或者有其他重要事项变更,应当向登记机关办理登记并公告。

    企业法人分立、合并,它的权利和义务由变更后的法人享有和承担。

    第四十五条 企业法人由于下列原因之一终止:

    (一)依法被撤销;

    (二)解散;

    (三)依法宣告破产;

    (四)其他原因。

    第四十六条 企业法人终止,应当向登记机关办理注销登记并公告。

    第四十七条 企业法人解散,应当成立清算组织,进行清算。企业法人被撤销、被宣告破产的,应当由主管机关或者人民法院组织有关机关和有关人员成立清算组织,进行清算。

    第四十八条 全民所有制企业法人以国家授予它经营管理的财产承担民事责任。集体所有制企业法人以企业所有的财产承担民事责任。中外合资经营企业法人、中外合作经营企业法人和外资企业法人以企业所有的财产承担民事责任,法律另有规定的除外。

    第四十九条 企业法人有下列情形之一的,除法人承担责任外,对法定代表人可以给予行政处分、罚款,构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任:

    (一)超出登记机关核准登记的经营范围从事非法经营的;

    (二)向登记机关、税务机关隐瞒真实情况、弄虚作假的;

    (三)抽逃资金、隐匿财产逃避债务的;

    (四)解散、被撤销、被宣告破产后,擅自处理财产的;

    (五)变更、终止时不及时申请办理登记和公告,使利害关系人遭受重大损失的;

    (六)从事法律禁止的其他活动,损害国家利益或者社会公共利益的。

第三节  机关、事业单位和社会团体法人

    第五十条 有独立经费的机关从成立之日起,具有法人资格。

    具备法人条件的事业单位、社会团体,依法不需要办理法人登记的,从成立之日起,具有法人资格;依法需要办理法人登记的,经核准登记,取得法人资格。

第四节  联营

    第五十一条 企业之间或者企业、事业单位之间联营,组成新的经济实体,独立承担民事责任、具备法人条件的,经主管机关核准登记,取得法人资格。

    第五十二条 企业之间或者企业、事业单位之间联营,共同经营、不具备法人条件的,由联营各方按照出资比例或者协议的约定,以各自所有的或者经营管理的财产承担民事责任。依照法律的规定或者协议的约定负连带责任的,承担连带责任。

    第五十三条 企业之间或者企业、事业单位之间联营,按照合同的约定各自独立经营的,它的权利和义务由合同约定,各自承担民事责任。

第四章  民事法律行为和代理

第一节  民事法律行为

    第五十四条 民事法律行为是公民或者法人设立、变更、终止民事权利和民事义务的合法行为。

    第五十五条 民事法律行为应当具备下列条件:

    (一)行为人具有相应的民事行为能力;

    (二)意思表示真实;

    (三)不违反法律或者社会公共利益。

    第五十六条 民事法律行为可以采取书面形式、口头形式或者其他形式。法律规定是特定形式的,应当依照法律规定。

    第五十七条 民事法律行为从成立时起具有法律约束力。行为人非依法律规定或者取得对方同意,不得擅自变更或者解除。

    第五十八条 下列民事行为无效:

    (一)无民事行为能力人实施的;

    (二)限制民事行为能力人依法不能独立实施的;

    (三)一方以欺诈、胁迫的手段或者乘人之危,使对方在违背真实意思的情况下所为的;

    (四)恶意串通,损害国家、集体或者第三人利益的;

    (五)违反法律或者社会公共利益的;

    (六)经济合同违反国家指令性计划的;

    (七)以合法形式掩盖非法目的的。

    无效的民事行为,从行为开始起就没有法律约束力。

    第五十九条 下列民事行为,一方有权请求人民法院或者仲裁机关予以变更或者撤销:

    (一)行为人对行为内容有重大误解的;

    (二)显失公平的。

    被撤销的民事行为从行为开始起无效。

    第六十条 民事行为部分无效,不影响其他部分的效力的,其他部分仍然有效。

    第六十一条 民事行为被确认为无效或者被撤销后,当事人因该行为取得的财产,应当返还给受损失的一方。有过错的一方应当赔偿对方因此所受的损失,对方都有过错的,应当各自承担相应的责任。

    双方恶意串通,实施民事行为损害国家的、集体的或者第三人的利益的,应当追缴双方取得的财产,收归国家、集体所有或者返还第三人。

    第六十二条 民事法律行为可以附条件,附条件的民事法律行为在符合所附条件时生效。

第二节  代理

    第六十三条 公民、法人可以通过代理人实施民事法律行为。

    代理人在代理权限内,以被代理人的名义实施民事法律行为。被代理人对代理人的代理行为,承担民事责任。

    依照法律规定或者按照双方当事人约定,应当由本人实施的民事法律行为,不得代理。

    第六十四条 代理包括委托代理、法定代理和指定代理。

    委托代理人按照被代理人的委托行使代理权,法定代理人依照法律的规定行使代理权,指定代理人按照人民法院或者指定单位的指定行使代理权。

    第六十五条 民事法律行为的委托代理,可以用书面形式,也可以用口头形式。法律规定用书面形式的,应当用书面形式。

    书面委托代理的授权委托书应当载明代理人的姓名或者名称、代理事项、权限和期间,并由委托人签名或者盖章。

    委托书授权不明的,被代理人应当向第三人承担民事责任,代理人负连带责任。

    第六十六条 没有代理权、超越代理权或者代理权终止后的行为,只有经过被代理人的追认,被代理人才承担民事责任。未经追认的行为,由行为人承担民事责任。本人知道他人以本人名义实施民事行为而不作否认表示的,视为同意。

    代理人不履行职责而给被代理人造成损害的,应当承担民事责任。

    代理人和第三人串通,损害被代理人的利益的,由代理人和第三人负连带责任。

    第三人知道行为人没有代理权、超越代理权或者代理权已终止还与行为人实施民事行为给他人造成损害的,由第三人和行为人负连带责任。

    第六十七条 代理人知道被委托代理的事项违法仍然进行代理活动的,或者被代理人知道代理人的代理行为违法不表示反对的,由被代理人和代理人负连带责任。

    第六十八条 委托代理人为被代理人的利益需要转托他人代理的,应当事先取得被代理人的同意。事先没有取得被代理人同意的,应当在事后及时告诉被代理人,如果被代理人不同意,由代理人对自己所转托的人的行为负民事责任,但在紧急情况下,为了保护被代理人的利益而转托他人代理的除外。

    第六十九条 有下列情形之一的,委托代理终止:

    (一)代理期间届满或者代理事务完成;

    (二)被代理人取消委托或者代理人辞去委托;

    (三)代理人死亡;

    (四)代理人丧失民事行为能力;

    (五)作为被代理人或者代理人的法人终止。

    第七十条 有下列情形之一的,法定代理或者指定代理终止:

    (一)被代理人取得或者恢复民事行为能力;

    (二)被代理人或者代理人死亡;

    (三)代理人丧失民事行为能力;

    (四)指定代理的人民法院或者指定单位取消指定;

    (五)由其他原因引起的被代理人和代理人之间的监护关系消灭。

第五章  民事权利

第一节  财产所有权和与财产所有权有关的财产权

    第七十一条 财产所有权是指所有人依法对自己的财产享有占有、使用、收益和处分的权利。

    第七十二条 财产所有权的取得,不得违反法律规定。

    按照合同或者其他合法方式取得财产的,财产所有权从财产交付时起转移,法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定的除外。

    第七十三条 国家财产属于全民所有。

    国家财产神圣不可侵犯,禁止任何组织或者个人侵占、哄抢、私分、截留、破坏。

    第七十四条 劳动群众集体组织的财产属于劳动群众集体所有,包括:

    (一)法律规定为集体所有的土地和森林、山岭、草原、荒地、滩涂等;

    (二)集体经济组织的财产;

    (三)集体所有的建筑物、水库、农田水利设施和教育、科学、文化、卫生、体育等设施;

    (四)集体所有的其他财产。

    集体所有的土地依照法律属于村农民集体所有,由村农业生产合作社等农业集体经济组织或者村民委员会经营、管理。已经属于乡(镇)农民集体经济组织所有的,可以属于乡(镇)农民集体所有。

    集体所有的财产受法律保护,禁止任何组织或者个人侵占、哄抢、私分、破坏或者非法查封、扣押、冻结、没收。

    第七十五条 公民的个人财产,包括公民的合法收入、房屋、储蓄、生活用品、文物、图书资料、林木、牲畜和法律允许公民所有的生产资料以及其他合法财产。

    公民的合法财产受法律保护,禁止任何组织或者个人侵占、哄抢、破坏或者非法查封、扣押、冻结、没收。

    第七十六条 公民依法享有财产继承权。

    第七十七条 社会团体包括宗教团体的合法财产受法律保护。

    第七十八条财产可以由两个以上的公民、法人共有。

    共有分为按份共有和共同共有。按份共有人按照各自的份额,对共有财产分享权利,分担义务。共同共有人对共有财产享有权利,承担义务。

    按份共有财产的每个共有人有权要求将自己的份额分出或者转让。但在出售时,其他共有人在同等条件下,有优先购买的权利。

    第七十九条 所有人不明的埋藏物、隐藏物,归国家所有。接收单位应当对上缴的单位或者个人,给予表扬或者物质奖励。

    拾得遗失物、漂流物或者失散的饲养动物,应当归还失主,因此而支出的费用由失主偿还。

   第八十条 国家所有的土地,可以依法由全民所有制单位使用,也可以依法确定由集体所有制单位使用,国家保护它的使用、收益的权利;使用单位有管理、保护、合理利用的义务。

    公民、集体依法对集体所有的或者国家所有由集体使用的土地的承包经营权,受法律保护。承包双方的权利和义务,依照法律由承包合同规定。

    土地不得买卖、出租、抵押或者以其他形式非法转让。

    第八十一条 国家所有的森林、山岭、草原、荒地、滩涂、水面等自然资源,可以依法由全民所有制单位使用,也可以依法确定由集体所有制单位使用,国家保护它的使用、收益的权利;使用单位有管理、保护、合理利用的义务。

    国家所有的矿藏,可以依法由全民所有制单位和集体所有制单位开采,也可以依法由公民采挖。国家保护合法的采矿权。

    公民、集体依法对集体所有的或者国家所有由集体使用的森林、山岭、草原、荒地、滩涂、水面的承包经营权,受法律保护。承包双方的权利和义务,依照法律由承包合同规定。

    国家所有的矿藏、水流,国家所有的和法律规定属于集体所有的林地、山岭、草原、荒地、滩涂不得买卖、出租、抵押或者以其他形式非法转让。

    第八十二条 全民所有制企业对国家授予它经营管理的财产依法享有经营权,受法律保护。

    第八十三条 不动产的相邻各方,应当按照有利生产、方便生活、团结互助、公平合理的精神,正确处理截水、排水、通行、通风、采光等方面的相邻关系。给相邻方造成妨碍或者损失的,应当停止侵害,排除妨碍,赔偿损失。

第二节  债权

    第八十四条 债是按照合同的约定或者依照法律的规定,在当事人之间产生的特定的权利和义务关系,享有权利的人是债权人,负有义务的人是债务人。

    债权人有权要求债务人按照合同的约定或者依照法律的规定履行义务。

    第八十五条 合同是当事人之间设立、变更、终止民事关系的协议。依法成立的合同,受法律保护。

    第八十六条 债权人为二人以上的,按照确定的份额分享权利。债务人为二人以上的,按照确定的份额分担义务。

    第八十七条 债权人或者债务人一方人数为二人以上的,依照法律的规定或者当事人的约定,享有连带权利的每个债权人,都有权要求债务人履行义务;负有连带义务的每个债务人,都负有清偿全部债务的义务,履行了义务的人,有权要求其他负有连带义务的人偿付他应当承担的份额。

    第八十八条 合同的当事人应当按照合同的约定,全部履行自己的义务。

    合同中有关质量、期限、地点或者价款约定不明确,按照合同有关条款内容不能确定,当事人又不能通过协商达成协议的,适用下列规定:

    (一)质量要求不明确的,按照国家质量标准履行,没有国家质量标准的,按照通常标准履行。

    (二)履行期限不明确的,债务人可以随时向债权人履行义务,债权人也可以随时要求债务人履行义务,但应当给对方必要的准备时间。

    (三)履行地点不明确,给付货币的,在接受给付一方的所在地履行,其他标的在履行义务一方的所在地履行。

    (四)价款约定不明确的,按照国家规定的价格履行;没有国家规定价格的,参照市场价格或者同类物品的价格或者同类劳务的报酬标准履行。

    合同对专利申请权没有约定的,完成发明创造的当事人享有申请权。

    合同对科技成果的使用权没有约定的,当事人都有使用的权利。

    第八十九条 依照法律的规定或者按照当事人的约定,可以采用下列方式担保债务的履行:

    (一)保证人向债权人保证债务人履行债务,债务人不履行债务的,按照约定由保证人履行或者承担连带责任;保证人履行债务后,有权向债务人追偿。

    (二)债务人或者第三人可以提供一定的财产作为抵押物。债务人不履行债务的,债权人有权依照法律的规定以抵押物折价或者以变卖抵押物的价款优先得到偿还。

    (三)当事人一方在法律规定的范围内可以向对方给付定金。债务人履行债务后,定金应当抵作价款或者收回。给付定金的一方不履行债务的,无权要求返还定金;接受定金的一方不履行债务的,应当双倍返还定金。

    (四)按照合同约定一方占有对方的财产,对方不按照合同给付应付款项超过约定期限的,占有人有权留置该财产,依照法律的规定以留置财产折价或者以变卖该财产的价款优先得到偿还。

    第九十条 合法的借贷关系受法律保护。

    第九十一条 合同一方将合同的权利、义务全部或者部分转让给第三人的,应当取得合同另一方的同意,并不得牟利。依照法律规定应当由国家批准的合同,需经原批准机关批准。但是,法律另有规定或者原合同另有约定的除外。

    第九十二条 没有合法根据,取得不当利益,造成他人损失的,应当将取得的不当利益返还受损失的人。

    第九十三条 没有法定的或者约定的义务,为避免他人利益受损失进行管理或者服务的,有权要求受益人偿付由此而支付的必要费用。

第三节知识产权

    第九十四条 公民、法人享有著作权(版权),依法有署名、发表、出版、获得报酬等权利。

    第九十五条 公民、法人依法取得的专利权受法律保护。

    第九十六条 法人、个体工商户、个人合伙依法取得的商标专用权受法律保护。

    第九十七条 公民对自己的发现享有发现权。发现人有权申请领取发现证书、奖金或者其他奖励。

    公民对自己的发明或者其他科技成果,有权申请领取荣誉证书、奖金或者其他奖励。

第四节  人身权

    第九十八条 公民享有生命健康权。

    第九十九条 公民享有姓名权,有权决定、使用和依照规定改变自己的姓名,禁止他人干涉、盗用、假冒。

    法人、个体工商户、个人合伙享有名称权。企业法人、个体工商户、个人合伙有权使用、依法转让自己的名称。

    第一百条 公民享有肖像权,未经本人同意,不得以营利为目的使用公民的肖像。

    第一百零一条 公民、法人享有名誉权,公民的人格尊严受法律保护,禁止用侮辱、诽谤等方式损害公民、法人的名誉。

    第一百零二条 公民、法人享有荣誉权,禁止非法剥夺公民、法人的荣誉称号。

    第一百零三条 公民享有婚姻自主权,禁止买卖、包办婚姻和其他干涉婚姻自由的行为。

    第一百零四条 婚姻、家庭、老人、母亲和儿童受法律保护。

    残疾人的合法权益受法律保护。

    第一百零五条 妇女享有同男子平等的民事权利。

第六章  民事责任

第一节  一般规定

    第一百零六条 公民、法人违反合同或者不履行其他义务的,应当承担民事责任。

    公民、法人由于过错侵害国家的、集体的财产,侵害他人财产、人身的,应当承担民事责任。

    没有过错,但法律规定应当承担民事责任的,应当承担民事责任。

    第一百零七条 因不可抗力不能履行合同或者造成他人损害的,不承担民事责任,法律另有规定的除外。

    第一百零八条 债务应当清偿。暂时无力偿还的,经债权人同意或者人民法院裁决,可以由债务人分期偿还。有能力偿还拒不偿还的,由人民法院判决强制偿还。

    第一百零九条 因防止、制止国家的、集体的财产或者他人的财产、人身遭受侵害而使自己受到损害的,由侵害人承担赔偿责任,受益人也可以给予适当的补偿。

    第一百一十条 对承担民事责任的公民、法人需要追究行政责任的,应当追究行政责任;构成犯罪的,对公民、法人的法定代表人应当依法追究刑事责任。

第二节  违反合同的民事责任

    第一百一十一条 当事人一方不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定条件的,另一方有权要求履行或者采取补救措施,并有权要求赔偿损失。

    第一百一十二条 当事人一方违反合同的赔偿责任,应当相当于另一方因此所受到的损失。

    当事人可以在合同中约定,一方违反合同时,向另一方支付一定数额的违约金;也可以在合同中约定对于违反合同而产生的损失赔偿额的计算方法。

    第一百一十三条 当事人双方都违反合同的,应当分别承担各自应负的民事责任。

    第一百一十四条 当事人一方因另一方违反合同受到损失的,应当及时采取措施防止损失的扩大;没有及时采取措施致使损失扩大的,无权就扩大的损失要求赔偿。

    第一百一十五条 合同的变更或者解除,不影响当事人要求赔偿损失的权利。

    第一百一十六条 当事人一方由于上级机关的原因,不能履行合同义务的,应当按照合同约定向另一方赔偿损失或者采取其他补救措施,再由上级机关对它因此受到的损失负责处理。

第三节  侵权的民事责任

    第一百一十七条 侵占国家的、集体的财产或者他人财产的,应当返还财产,不能返还财产的,应当折价赔偿。

    损坏国家的、集体的财产或者他人财产的,应当恢复原状或者折价赔偿。

    受害人因此遭受其他重大损失的,侵害人并应当赔偿损失。

    第一百一十八条 公民、法人的著作权(版权)、专利权、商标专用权、发现权、发明权和其他科技成果权受到剽窃、篡改、假冒等侵害的,有权要求停止侵害,消除影响,赔偿损失。

    第一百一十九条 侵害公民身体造成伤害的,应当赔偿医疗费、因误工减少的收入、残废者生活补助费等费用;造成死亡的,并应当支付丧葬费、死者生前扶养的人必要的生活费等费用。

    第一百二十条 公民的姓名权、肖像权、名誉权、荣誉权受到侵害的,有权要求停止侵害,恢复名誉,消除影响,赔礼道歉,并可以要求赔偿损失。

    法人的名称权、名誉权、荣誉权受到侵害的,适用前款规定。

    第一百二十一条 国家机关或者国家机关工作人员在执行职务中,侵犯公民、法人的合法权益造成损害的,应当承担民事责任。

    第一百二十二条 因产品质量不合格造成他人财产、人身损害的,产品制造者、销售者应当依法承担民事责任。运输者、仓储者对此负有责任的,产品制造者、销售者有权要求赔偿损失。

    第一百二十三条 从事高空、高压、易燃、易爆、剧毒、放射性、高速运输工具等对周围环境有高度危险的作业造成他人损害的,应当承担民事责任;如果能够证明损害是由受害人故意造成的,不承担民事责任。

    第一百二十四条 违反国家保护环境防止污染的规定,污染环境造成他人损害的,应当依法承担民事责任。

    第一百二十五条 在公共场所、道旁或者通道上挖坑、修缮安装地下设施等,没有设置明显标志和采取安全措施造成他人损害的,施工人应当承担民事责任。

    第一百二十六条建筑物或者其他设施以及建筑物上的搁置物、悬挂物发生倒塌、脱落、坠落造成他人损害的,它的所有人或者管理人应当承担民事责任,但能够证明自己没有过错的除外。

    第一百二十七条 饲养的动物造成他人损害的,动物饲养人或者管理人应当承担民事责任;由于受害人的过错造成损害的,动物饲养人或者管理人不承担民事责任;由于第三人的过错造成损害的,第三人应当承担民事责任。

    第一百二十八条 因正当防卫造成损害的,不承担民事责任。正当防卫超过必要的限度,造成不应有的损害的,应当承担适当的民事责任。

    第一百二十九条 因紧急避险造成损害的,由引起险情发生的人承担民事责任。如果危险是由自然原因引起的,紧急避险人不承担民事责任或者承担适当的民事责任。因紧急避险采取措施不当或者超过必要的限度,造成不应有的损害的,紧急避险人应当承担适当的民事责任。

    第一百三十条 二人以上共同侵权造成他人损害的,应当承担连带责任。

    第一百三十一条 受害人对于损害的发生也有过错的,可以减轻侵害人的民事责任。

    第一百三十二条 当事人对造成损害都没有过错的,可以根据实际情况,由当事人分担民事责任。

    第一百三十三条 无民事行为能力人、限制民事行为能力人造成他人损害的,由监护人承担民事责任。监护人尽了监护责任的,可以适当减轻他的民事责任。

    有财产的无民事行为能力人、限制民事行为能力人造成他人损害的,从本人财产中支付赔偿费用。不足部分,由监护人适当赔偿,但单位担任监护人的除外。

第四节  承担民事责任的方式

    第一百三十四条 承担民事责任的方式主要有:

    (一)停止侵害;

    (二)排除妨碍;

    (三)消除危险;

    (四)返还财产;

    (五)恢复原状;

    (六)修理、重作、更换;

    (七)赔偿损失;

    (八)支付违约金;

    (九)消除影响、恢复名誉;

    (十)赔礼道歉。

    以上承担民事责任的方式,可以单独适用,也可以合并适用。

    人民法院审理民事案件,除适用上述规定外,还可以予以训诫、责令具结悔过、收缴进行非法活动的财物和非法所得,并可以依照法律规定处以罚款、拘留。

第七章  诉讼时效

    第一百三十五条 向人民法院请求保护民事权利的诉讼时效期间为二年,法律另有规定的除外。

    第一百三十六条 下列的诉讼时效期间为一年:

    (一)身体受到伤害要求赔偿的;

    (二)出售质量不合格的商品未声明的;

    (三)延付或者拒付租金的;

    (四)寄存财物被丢失或者损毁的。

    第一百三十七条 诉讼时效期间从知道或者应当知道权利被侵害时起计算。但是,从权利被侵害之日起超过二十年的,人民法院不予保护。有特殊情况的,人民法院可以延长诉讼时效期间。

    第一百三十八条 超过诉讼时效期间,当事人自愿履行的,不受诉讼时效限制。

    第一百三十九条 在诉讼时效期间的最后六个月内,因不可抗力或者其他障碍不能行使请求权的,诉讼时效中止。从中止时效的原因消除之日起,诉讼时效期间继续计算。

    第一百四十条 诉讼时效因提起诉讼、当事人一方提出要求或者同意履行义务而中断。从中断时起,诉讼时效期间重新计算。

    第一百四十一条 法律对诉讼时效另有规定的,依照法律规定。

第八章  涉外民事关系的法律适用

    第一百四十二条 涉外民事关系的法律适用,依照本章的规定确定。

    中华人民共和国缔结或者参加的国际条约同中华人民共和国的民事法律有不同规定的,适用国际条约的规定,但中华人民共和国声明保留的条款除外。

    中华人民共和国法律和中华人民共和国缔结或者参加的国际条约没有规定的,可以适用国际惯例。

    第一百四十三条 中华人民共和国公民定居国外的,他的民事行为能力可以适用定居国法律。

    第一百四十四条 不动产的所有权,适用不动产所在地法律。

    第一百四十五条 涉外合同的当事人可以选择处理合同争议所适用的法律,法律另有规定的除外。

    涉外合同的当事人没有选择的,适用与合同有最密切联系的国家的法律。

    第一百四十六条 侵权行为的损害赔偿,适用侵权行为地法律。当事人双方国籍相同或者在同一国家有住所的,也可以适用当事人本国法律或者住所地法律。

    中华人民共和国法律不认为在中华人民共和国领域外发生的行为是侵权行为的,不作为侵权行为处理。

    第一百四十七条 中华人民共和国公民和外国人结婚适用婚姻缔结地法律,离婚适用受理案件的法院所在地法律。

    第一百四十八条 扶养适用与被扶养人有最密切联系的国家的法律。

    第一百四十九条 遗产的法定继承,动产适用被继承人死亡时住所地法律,不动产适用不动产所在地法律。

    第一百五十条 依照本章规定适用外国法律或者国际惯例的,不得违背中华人民共和国的社会公共利益。

第九章  附则

    第一百五十一条 民族自治地方的人民代表大会可以根据本法规定的原则,结合当地民族的特点,制定变通的或者补充的单行条例或者规定。自治区人民代表大会制定的,依照法律规定报全国人民代表大会常务委员会批准或者备案;自治州、自治县人民代表大会制定的,报省、自治区人民代表大会常务委员会批准。

    第一百五十二条 本法生效以前,经省、自治区、直辖市以上主管机关批准开办的全民所有制企业,已经向工商行政管理机关登记的,可以不再办理法人登记,即具有法人资格。

    第一百五十三条 本法所称的“不可抗力”,是指不能预见、不能避免并不能克服的客观情况。

    第一百五十四条 民法所称的期间按照公历年、月、日、小时计算。

    规定按照小时计算期间的,从规定时开始计算。规定按照日、月、年计算期间的,开始的当天不算入,从下一天开始计算。

    期间的最后一天是星期日或者其他法定休假日的,以休假日的次日为期间的最后一天。

    期间的最后一天的截止时间为二十四点。有业务时间的,到停止业务活动的时间截止。

    第一百五十五条 民法所称的“以上”、“以下”、“以内”、“届满”,包括本数;所称的“不满”、“以外”,不包括本数。

    第一百五十六条 本法自一九八七年一月一日起施行。

    GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE CIVIL LAW OF THE  PEOPLE'S  REPUBLIC OFCHINA

    Important Notice: (注意事项)

    英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译,中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民共和国涉外法规汇编》(19917月版).

    当发生歧意时,应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.

This  English  document is  coming  from  "LAWS AND  REGULATIONS  OFTHE

PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF  CHINA  GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED  MATTERS"(1991.7)

which  is  compiled by  the  Brueau  of Legislative Affairs of theState

Council of  the  People's Republic of China, and is published by theChina

Legal System PublishingHouse.

In case of discrepancy, theoriginal version in Chinese shall prevail.

    Whole Document (法规全文)

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE CIVILLAW OF THE  PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC  OF

CHINA

(Adopted at the FourthSession  of the  Sixth  National  People's

Congress, promulgated by OrderNo. 37 of the  President of  the  People's

Republic of China on April 12,1986, and effective as of January 1, 1987)

    Contents

Chapter I     Basic Principles

Chapter II    Citizen (Natural Person)

              Section 1 Capacity for Civil Rightsand Capacity for Civil

                       Conduct

              Section 2 Guardianship

              Section 3 Declarations of MissingPersons and Death

              Section 4 Individual Businesses andLeaseholding Farm

                       Households

              Section 5 IndividualPartnership

Chapter III   Legal Persons

              Section 1 GeneralStipulations

              Section 2 Enterprise as LegalPerson

              Section 3 Official Organ,Institution and Social

                       Organization as Legal Persons

              Section 4 EconomicAssociation

Chapter IV    Civil Juristic Acts and Agency

              Section 1 Civil JuristicActs

              Section 2 Agency

Chapter V     Civil Rights

              Section 1 Property Ownership andRelated Property Rights

              Section 2 Creditors'Rights

              Section 3 Intellectual PropertyRights

             Section 4 Personal Rights

Chapter VI    Civil Liability

              Section 1 GeneralStipulations

              Section 2 Civil Liability forBreach of Contract

              Section 3 Civil Liability forInfringement of Rights

              Section 4 Methods of Bearing CivilLiability

Chapter VII   Limitation of Action

Chapter VIII  Application of Law in Civil Relations with Foreigners

Chapter IX    Supplementary Provisions

    Chapter I Basic Principles

Article 1

This Law is formulated inaccordance with the Constitution and the  actual

situation in our country,drawing upon our practical experience  in  civil

activities, for the purpose ofprotecting  the lawful  civil  rights  and

interests of citizens andlegal  persons and  correctly  adjusting  civil

relations,  so  as to  meet  the  needs of  the   developing  socialist

modernization.

Article 2

The Civil Law of the People'sRepublic  of China  shall  adjust  property

relationships and personalrelationships between civil subjects with equal

status, that is,between  citizens, between  legal  persons  and between

citizens and legalpersons.

Article 3

Parties to a civil activityshall have equal status.

Article 4

In civil activities, theprinciples  of voluntariness,  fairness,  making

compensation for equal value,honesty and credibility shall be observed.

Article 5

The lawful civil rights andinterests of citizens and legal persons  shall

be protected by law; noorganization or individual may infringe upon them.

Article 6

Civil activities must be incompliance with the law; where there  are  no

relevant provisions in the law,they shall be  in compliance  with  state

policies.

Article 7

Civil activities shall haverespect for social ethics and shall not  harm

the public interest, underminestate  economic plans  or  disrupt  social

economic order.

Article 8

The law of the People's Republicof China shall apply to civil activities

within the People's Republic ofChina, except as otherwise stipulated  by

law.

The stipulations of this Law asregards citizens shall apply to foreigners

and stateless persons within thePeople's Republic  of China,  except  as

otherwise stipulated bylaw.

    Chapter II Citizen (Natural Person)

Section 1 Capacity for CivilRights and Capacity for Civil Conduct.

Article 9

A citizen shall have thecapacity for civil rights from birth to death and

shall enjoy civil rights andassume civil obligations in accordance  with

the law.

Article 10

All citizens are equal asregards their capacity for civil rights.

Article 11

A citizen aged 18 or over shallbe an adult. He shall have full  capacity

for civil conduct, mayindependently engage in civil activities and  shall

be called a person with fullcapacity for civil conduct.

A citizen who has reached theage of 16 but not the age of 18  and  whose

main source of income is his ownlabour shall be regarded as a person with

full capacity for civilconduct.

Article 12

A minor aged 10 or over shall bea person with limited capacity for civil

conduct and may engage in civilactivities  appropriate  to  his  age and

intellect; in other civilactivities, he shall be represented by his agent

ad litem or participate with theconsent of his agent ad litem.

A minor under the age of 10shall be a person having no capacity for civil

conduct and shall be representedin  civil  activities by  his  agent  ad

litem.

Article 13

A mentally ill person who isunable to account for his own conduct  shall

be a person having no capacityfor civil conduct and shall be represented

in civil activities by his agentad litem.

A mentally ill person who isunable to fully account for his own  conduct

shall be a person with limitedcapacity for civil conduct and may  engage

in civil activities appropriateto  his  mental health;  in  other  civil

activities, he shall berepresented by his agent ad litem or  participate

with the consent of his agent adlitem.

Article 14

The guardian of aperson  without or  with  limited  capacity for  civil

conduct shall be his agent adlitem.

Article 15

The domicile of a citizenshall  be the  place  where  his residence  is

registered; if his habitualresidence is not the same as his domicile, his

habitual residence shall beregarded as his domicile.

Section 2 Guardianship

Article 16

The parents of a minor shall behis guardians.

If the parents of a minor aredead  or  lack the  competence  to  be his

guardian, a person from thefollowing categories who has the competence to

be a guardian shall act as hisguardian:

(1) paternal or maternalgrandparent;

(2) elder brother or sister;or

(3) any other closely connectedrelative or friend  willing to  bear  the

responsibility of guardianshipand having approval from the units of  the

minor's parents or from theneighbourhood  or village  committee  in  the

place of the minor'sresidence.  In case of a dispute  over  guardianship,

the units of the minor's parentsor the neighbourhood or village committee

in the place of his residenceshall appoint  a guardian  from  among  the

minor's near relatives. Ifdisagreement over the appointment leads  to  a

lawsuit, the people's courtshall make a ruling.

If none of the persons listed inthe first two paragraphs of this article

is available to be the guardian,the units of  the minor's  parents,  the

neighbourhood or villagecommittee in the place of the minor's  residence

or the civil affairs departmentshall act as his guardian.

Article 17

A person from the  following  categories shall  act  as  guardian for  a

mentally ill person without orwith limited capacity for civil conduct:

(1) spouse;

(2) parent;

(3) adult child;

(4) any other nearrelative;

(5) any other closely connectedrelative or friend  willing to  bear  the

responsibility of guardianshipand having approval from the unit to  which

the mentally ill personbelongs  or from  the  neighbourhood  or village

committee in the place ofhis  residence.  In  case  of  a dispute  over

guardianship, the unit to whichthe mentally ill  person belongs  or  the

neighbourhood or villagecommittee in the place  of his  residence  shall

appoint a guardian from amonghis near relatives. If disagreement over the

appointment leads to a lawsuit,the people's court shall make a ruling.

If none of the persons listed inthe first paragraph of  this article is

available to be the guardian,the unit to which the  mentally ill  person

belongs, the neighbourhoodor  village  committee in  the  place  of his

residence or the civil affairsdepartment shall act as his guardian.

Article 18

A guardian shall fulfil his dutyof guardianship and protect the  person,

property and other lawful rightsand interests of  his ward.  A  guardian

shall not handle the property ofhis ward  unless it  is  in  the ward's

interests.

A guardian's rights to fulfilhis guardianship in accordance with the  law

shall be protected bylaw.

If a guardian does not fulfilhis duties as guardian or infringes upon the

lawful rights and interests ofhis ward, he shall be held responsible;  if

a guardian causes any property loss for his ward, he shall compensate  for

such loss. The people's courtmay  disqualify  a guardian  based  on  the

application of a concerned partyor unit.

Article 19

A person who sharesinterests  with a  mental  patient  may apply  to  a

people's court for a declarationthat  the  mental patient  is  a  person

without or with limited capacityfor civil conduct.

With the recovery of the healthof a person who has  been declared  by  a

people's court to be without orwith limited capacity for civil  conduct,

and upon his own application orthat of an interested person, the people's

court may declare him to be aperson with limited  or full  capacity  for

civil conduct.

Section 3 Declarations ofMissing Persons and Death

Article 20

If a citizen's whereabouts havebeen unknown for two years, an interested

person may apply to a people'scourt for a declaration of the citizen  as

missing.

If a person's whereabouts becomeunknown during a war, the calculation  of

the time period in which hiswhereabouts are unknown shall begin  on  the

final day of the war.

Article 21

A missing person's propertyshall be placed in the custody of his  spouse,

parents, adult children or otherclosely connected relatives or friends.

In case of a dispute overcustody, if the  persons stipulated  above are

unavailable or are incapable oftaking such custody, the property shall be

placed in the custody of aperson appointed by  the people's  court.  Any

taxes, debts and other unpaidexpenses owed  by a  missing  person  shall

defrayed by the custodian out ofthe missing person's property.

Article 22

In the event that a person whohas been declared missing reappears or  his

whereabouts areascertained,  the people's  court  shall,  upon his  own

application or that of aninterested person, revoke the declaration of his

missing-person status.

Article 23

Under either of thefollowing  circumstances,  an  interested  person may

apply to the people's court fora declaration of a citizen's death:

(1) if the citizen's whereaboutshave been unknown for four years or

(2) if the citizen's whereaboutshave been unknown for two years after the

date of an accident in which hewas involved.

If a person's whereabouts becomeunknown during a war, the calculation  of

the time period in which hiswhereabouts are unknown shall begin  on  the

final day of the war.

Article 24

In the event that a person whohas been declared dead reappears or it  is

ascertained that he is alive,the  people's  court shall,  upon  his  own

application or that of aninterested person, revoke the declaration of his

death.

Any civil juristic actsperformed by a  person with  capacity  for  civil

conduct during the period inwhich he has  been declared  dead  shall  be

valid.

Article 25

A person shall have the right torequest the return of  his property,  if

the declaration of his death hasbeen revoked. Any citizen or organization

that has obtained such propertyin accordance with the Law of  Succession

shall return the original itemsor make appropriate  compensation  if  the

original items no longerexist.

Section 4 Individual Businessesand Leaseholding Farm Households

Article 26

"Individual businesses" refersto business run by individual citizens  who

have been lawfully registeredand approved  to engage  in  industrial  or

commercial operation within thesphere permitted  by law.  An  individual

business may adopt a shopname.

Article 27

"Leaseholding farm households"refers to members  of a  rural  collective

economic organization who engagein commodity production under a contract

and within the spheres permittedby law.

Article 28

The  legitimate  rights and  interests  of  individual   businesses  and

leaseholding farm householdsshall be protected by law.

Article 29

The debts of an individualbusiness or a leaseholding farm household shall

be secured with the individual'sproperty if the business is operated  by

an individual and with thefamily's property if the business is  operated

by a family.

Section 5 IndividualPartnership

Article 30

"Individual partnership" refersto two or more citizens associated  in  a

business  and  working together,  with  each  providing funds,  material

objects, techniques and so onaccording to an agreement.

Article 31

Partners shall make a writtenagreement covering  the funds  each  is  to

provide, the distribution ofprofits, the responsibility for  debts,  the

entering into and withdrawalfrom partnership, the ending of  partnership

and other suchmatters.

Article 32

The propertyprovided  by the  partners  shall  be under  their  unified

management and use.  Theproperty accumulated in a partnership  operation

shall belong to all thepartners.

Article 33

An individual partnership mayadopt a shop name; it shall be approved  and

registered in accordance withthe  law  and conduct  business  operations

within the range as approved andregistered.

Article 34

The operational activities of anindividual partnership shall be  decided

jointly by the partners, whoeach shall have the right to carry  out  and

supervise those activities. Thepartners may elect a responsible person.

All partners shall bear civilliability for the operational activities  of

the responsible person and otherpersonnel.

Article 35

A partnership's debts shall besecured  with the  partners'  property  in

proportion  to  their respective  contributions  to  the investment   or

according to the agreementmade.  Partners shall undertake joint liability

for their partnership's debts,except as otherwise stipulated by law.  Any

partner who overpays his shareof the partnership's debts shall have  the

right to claim compensation fromthe other partners.

    Chapter III Legal Persons

Section 1 GeneralStipulations

Article 36

A legal person shall be anorganization that has capacity for civil rights

and capacity for civil conductand independently enjoys civil rights  and

assumes civil obligations inaccordance with the law.

A legal person's capacity forcivil rights and capacity for civil conduct

shall begin when the legalperson is established and shall end  when  the

legal personterminates.

Article 37

A legal person shall have thefollowing qualifications:

(1) establishment in accordancewith the law;

(2) possession of the necessaryproperty or funds;

(3) possession of its own name,organization and premises; and

(4) ability to independentlybear civil liability.

Article 38

In accordance with the law orthe articles of  association  of  the  legal

person, the responsible personwho acts on behalf of the legal person  in

exercising its functions andpowers shall be its legal representative.

Article 39

A legal person's domicile shallbe the place where its main administrative

office is located.

Article 40

When a legal person terminates,it shall go into liquidation in accordance

with the law and discontinue allother activities.

Section 2 Enterprise as LegalPerson

Article 41

An enterprise owned by thewhole  people or  under  collective  ownership

shall be qualified as a legalperson  when it  has  sufficient  funds as

stipulated by the state; hasarticles of association, an organization  and

premises; has the ability toindependently bear civil liability; and  has

been approved andregistered  by the  competent  authority.  A  Chinese-

foreign equity joint venture,Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture or

foreign-capital enterpriseestablished within  the People's  Republic  of

China shall be qualifiedas  a  legal person  in  China  if it  has  the

qualifications of a legal personand has been approved and registered  by

the administrative agency forindustry and commerce in according with  the

law.

Article 42

An enterprise as legal personshall conduct operations within  the  range

approved andregistered.

Article 43

An  enterprise  as  legal person  shall  bear  civil liability  for  the

operational activities of itslegal representatives and other personnel.

Article 44

If an enterprise as legal personis divided or  merged or  undergoes  any

other important change, it shallregister the change with the registration

authority and publicly announceit.

When an enterprise as legalperson is divided or merged, its  rights  and

obligations shall be enjoyed andassumed by  the new  legal  person  that

results from thechange.

Article 45

An enterprise as legal personshall terminate for  any of  the  following

reasons:

(1) if it is dissolved bylaw;

(2) if it isdisbanded;

(3) if it is declared bankruptin accordance with the law; or

(4) for other reasons.

Article 46

When an enterprise  as  legal person  terminates,  it  shall cancel  its

registration with theregistration authority  and publicly  announce  the

termination.

Article 47

When an enterprise as legalperson is  disbanded, it  shall  establish  a

liquidation organization and gointo liquidation. When  an enterprise  as

legal person is dissolved or isdeclared bankrupt, the competent authority

or a people's court shallorganize the organs and personnel concerned  to

establish a liquidationorganization to liquidate the enterprise.

Article 48

An enterprise owned by the wholepeople, as legal person, shall bear civil

liability with the property thatthe state authorizes  it to  manage.  An

enterprise under collectiveownership, as legal person, shall bear  civil

liability with the  property  it owns.  A  Chinese-foreign  equity joint

venture,Chinese-foreign  contractual  joint  venture  or foreign-capital

enterprise as legal person shallbear civil liability with the property it

owns, except as stipulatedotherwise by law.

Article 49

Under any of the followingcircumstances, an enterprise as  legal  person

shall bear liability, its legalrepresentative may additionally be  given

administrative sanctions andfined  and, if  the  offence  constitutes  a

crime, criminal responsibilityshall be investigated  in accordance  with

the law:

(1) conducting illegaloperations beyond the range approved and registered

by the registrationauthority;

(2) concealing  facts  from the  registration  and  tax authorities  and

practising fraud;

(3) secretly withdrawing fundsor hiding property to  evade repayment  of

debts;

(4) disposing of propertywithout authorization after the  enterprise  is

dissolved, disbanded or declaredbankrupt;

(5) failing to applyfor  registration  and make  a  public  announcement

promptly when the  enterprise  undergoes a  change  or  terminates,  thus

causing interested persons tosuffer heavy losses;

(6) engaging in other activitiesprohibited by law, damaging the interests

of the state or the publicinterest.

Section 3 Official Organ,Institution and Social Organization as Legal

Person

Article 50

An independently funded officialorgan  shall be  qualified  as  a legal

person on the day it isestablished.

If according to lawan  institution  or social  organization  having  the

qualifications of a legal personneeds not go through the procedures  for

registering as a legal person,it shall be qualified as a legal person  on

the day it is established; ifaccording to law it does need to go through

the registration procedures, itshall be qualified as a legal person after

being approved andregistered.

Section 4 EconomicAssociation

Article 51

If a new economic entity isformed by enterprises or an enterprise and  an

institution that engage ineconomic association and it independently bears

civil liability and has thequalifications of  a legal  person,  the  new

entity shall be qualified asa  legal  person after  being  approved  and

registered by the competentauthority.

Article 52

If the enterprises or anenterprise and  an institution  that  engage  in

economic  association  conduct joint  operation  but  do not  have   the

qualifications of a legalperson, each party to the association shall,  in

proportion to its respectivecontribution to the investment or  according

to the agreement made, bearcivil liability with the property each  party

owns or manages. If jointliability is specified by law or by  agreement,

the parties shall assume jointliability.

Article 53

If  the  contract  for economic  association  of  enterprises or  of an

enterprise and an institutionspecifies  that each  party  shall  conduct

operations independently, itshall stipulate the rights and obligations of

each party, and each party shallbear civil liability separately.

    Chapter IV Civil Juristic Acts and Agency

Section 1 Civil JuristicActs

Article 54

A civil juristic act shall bethe lawful act of a citizen or legal  person

to establish, change orterminate civil rights and obligations.

Article 55

A civil juristic act shall meetthe following requirements:

(1) the actor has relevantcapacity for civil conduct;

(2) the intention expressed isgenuine; and

(3) the act does not violate thelaw or the public interest.

Article 56

A civil juristic act may be inwritten, oral or other  form. If  the  law

stipulates that a particularform be adopted, such  stipulation  shall  be

observed.

Article 57

A civil juristic act shall belegally binding once it is instituted.  The

actor shall not alter or rescindhis act except in accordance with the law

or with the other party'sconsent.

Article 58

Civil acts in the followingcategories shall be null and void:

(1) those performed by a personwithout capacity for civil conduct;

(2) those that according to lawmay not be independently performed  by  a

person with limited capacity forcivil conduct;

(3) those performed by a personagainst his true intentions as a result of

cheating, coercion orexploitation of his  unfavourable  position  by  the

other party;

(4) those that performed throughmalicious collusion  are detrimental  to

the interest of the state, acollective or a third party;

(5) those that violate the lawor the public interest;

(6) economic contracts thatviolate the state's mandatory plans; and

(7) those thatperformed  under the  guise  of  legitimate acts  conceal

illegitimate purposes. Civilacts that are null  and void  shall  not  be

legally binding from the verybeginning.

Article 59

A party shall have the right torequest a people's court or an arbitration

agency to alter or rescind thefollowing civil acts:

(1) those performed by an actorwho seriously misunderstood the  contents

of the acts;

(2) those that are obviouslyunfair.

Rescinded civil acts shall benull and void from the very beginning.

Article 60

If part of a civil act is nulland void, it shall not affect the validity

of other parts.

Article 61

After a civil act has beendetermined to be null  and void  or  has  been

rescinded, the party whoacquired property as a result of the  act  shall

return it to theparty  who suffered  a  loss.  The erring  party  shall

compensate the other party forthe losses it suffered as a result of  the

act; if both sides are in error,they shall each bear their proper  share

of the responsibility.

If the two sides have conspiredmaliciously and performed a civil act that

is detrimental to the interestsof the state,  a collective  or  a  third

party, the property that theythus obtained shall be recovered and  turned

over to the state or thecollective, or returned to the third party.

Article 62

A civil juristic act may haveconditions attached to it. Conditional civil

juristic acts shall take effectwhen the relevant conditions are met.

Section 2 Agency

Article 63

Citizens and legal persons mayperform civil juristic acts through agents

An agent shall perform civiljuristic acts in the principal's name  within

the scope of the power ofagency. The principal shall bear civil liability

for the agent's acts  of  agency. Civil  juristic  acts  that should  be

performed by the principalhimself, pursuant to legal provisions  or  the

agreement between the twoparties, shall not be entrusted to an agent.

Article 64

Agency shall includeentrusted  agency, statutory  agency  and  appointed

agency.  An  entrusted agent  shall  exercise  the power  of  agency  as

entrusted by the principal; astatutory agent shall exercise the power  of

agency as prescribed by law; andan appointed  agent shall  exercise  the

power of agency as designated bya people's court or the appointing unit.

Article 65

A civil juristic act may beentrusted to an agent in writing or orally. If

legal provisions requirethe  entrustment  to be  written,  it  shall be

effected in writing.  Where theentrustment of agency is in writing,  the

power of attorney shall clearlystate  the agent's  name,  the  entrusted

tasks and the scope and durationof the power of agency, and it shall  be

signed or sealed by theprincipal.

If the power of attorney is notclear as to the authority conferred,  the

principal shall bear civilliability towards  the third  party,  and  the

agent shall be held jointlyliable.

Article 66

The principal shall bear civilliability for an act performed by an  actor

with no power of agency, beyondthe scope of his power of agency or after

his  power  of agency  has  expired,  only if  he  recognizes  the  act

retroactively. If the act is notso recognized, the performer shall  bear

civil liability for it. If aprincipal is aware that a civil act is  being

executed in his name but failsto  repudiate  it, his  consent  shall  be

deemed to have beengiven.

An agent shall bear civilliability if he fails to perform his duties  and

thus causes damage to theprincipal.

If an agent and a third party incollusion harm the principal's interests,

the agent and the third partyshall be held jointly liable.

If a third party is awarethat  an  actor has  no  power  of agency,  is

overstepping his power ofagency, or his power of agency has expired  and

yet joins him in a civil act andthus brings damage to other people,  the

third party and the actor shallbe held jointly liable.

Article 67

If an agent is aware that thematters  entrusted are  illegal  but  still

carries them out, or if aprincipal is aware that his  agent's  acts  are

illegal but fails to object tothem, the principal and the agent shall  be

held jointly liable.

Article 68

If in the principal's interestsan entrusted agent needs to transfer  the

agency to another person, heshall first obtain the principal's consent.

If the principal's consent isnot obtained in advance, the matter shall be

reported to him promptly afterthe transfer, and if the principal objects,

the agent shall bear civilliability for the acts of the transferee;

however, an entrusted agencytransferred  in emergency  circumstances  in

order to safeguard theprincipal's interests shall be excepted.

Article 69

An entrusted agency shall endunder any of the following circumstances:

(1) when the period of agencyexpires or  when the  tasks  entrusted  are

completed;

(2) when the principal rescindsthe entrustment or the agent declines  the

entrustment;

(3) when the agentdies;

(4) when the principal loses hiscapacity for civil conduct; or

(5) when the principal or theagent ceases to be a legal person.

Article 70

A statutory or appointed agencyshall  end under  any  of  the following

circumstances:

(1) when the principal gains orrecovers capacity for civil conduct;

(2) when the principal or theagent dies;

(3) when the agent losescapacity for civil conduct;

(4) when the people's court orthe unit that appointed the agent rescinds

the appointment; or

(5) when the guardianrelationship between the principal  and  the  agent

ends for otherreasons.

    Chapter V Civil Rights

Section 1 Property Ownership andRelated Property Rights

Article 71

"Property  ownership"  means the  owner's  rights  to lawfully  possess,

utilize, profit from and disposeof his property.

Article 72

Property ownership shall not beobtained in violation of the law.

Unless the law stipulatesotherwise or the parties concerned have  agreed

on other arrangements, theownership of property obtained by contract  or

by other  lawful  means shall  be  transferred  simultaneously  with  the

property itself.

Article 73

State property shall be owned bythe whole people.

State property is sacred andinviolable, and no organization or individual

shall be allowed to seize,encroach  upon, privately  divide,  retain  or

destroy it.

Article 74

Property of collectiveorganizations of the working masses shall be  owned

collectively by the workingmasses. This shall include:

(1) land, forests, mountains,grasslands, unreclaimed land,  beaches  and

other areas that are stipulatedby law to be under collective ownership;

(2) property of collectiveeconomic organizations;

(3) collectively ownedbuildings, reservoirs, farm irrigation  facilities

and  educational,  scientific,  cultural,   health,   sports   and   other

facilities; and (4) otherproperty that is collectively owned.

Collectively owned  land  shall be  owned  collectively  by the  village

peasants in accordance with thelaw and shall be  worked and  managed  by

village   agricultural  production   cooperatives,   other    collective

agricultural economicorganizations or villages' committees. Land  already

under the ownership of thetownship (town) peasants' collective  economic

organizations may becollectively owned by the peasants of  the  township

(town). Collectively ownedproperty shall be  protected by  law,  and  no

organization or individual mayseize,  encroach upon,  privately  divide,

destroy or illegally seal up,distrain, freeze or confiscate it.

Article 75

A citizen's personal propertyshall include his  lawfully earned  income,

housing, savings, articles fordaily use, objects d'art, books, reference

materials, trees, livestock,as  well  as means  of  production  the law

permits a citizen to possess andother lawful property. A citizen's lawful

property shall be protected bylaw, and no organization or individual  may

appropriate, encroach upon,destroy or illegally seal up, distrain, freeze

or confiscate it.

Article 76

Citizens shall have the right ofinheritance under the law.

Article 77

The  lawful  property of  social   organizations,  including   religious

organizations, shall beprotected by law.

Article 78

Property may be owned jointly bytwo or more citizens or legal persons.

There shall be two kinds ofjoint ownership, namely co-ownership by shares

and common ownership. Each ofthe co-owners  by shares  shall  enjoy  the

rights and  assume  the obligations  respecting  the  joint property  in

proportion to his share. Each ofthe common owners shall enjoy the rights

and assume the obligationsrespecting the joint property.   Each  co-owner

by shares shall have the rightto withdraw his  own share  of  the  joint

property or transfer itsownership. However, when he offers to  sell  his

share, the other co-owners shallhave a right of pre-emption if all other

conditions are equal.

Article 79

If the owner of a buried orconcealed object is unknown, the object  shall

belong to the state. The unitthat receives the object shall  commend  or

give a material reward to theunit or individual that turns in the object.

Lost-and-found objects, flotsamand stray animals  shall be  returned  to

their rightful owners, and anycosts thus incurred shall be reimbursed  by

the owners.

Article 80

State-owned land may be usedaccording to law by units under ownership  by

the whole people; it may also belawfully assigned for use by units under

collectiveownership.  The state shall protect the usufruct of  the  land,

and the usufructuary shall beobligated to manage,  protect and  properly

use the land.

The right of citizens andcollectives to contract for management  of  land

under collective ownership or ofstate-owned  land under  collective  use

shall be  protected  by law.  The  rights  and obligations  of  the  two

contracting  parties  shall be  stipulated  in  the contract  signed  in

accordance with thelaw.

Land may not be sold, leased,mortgaged or illegally  transferred  by  any

other means.

Article 81

State-owned forests,mountains,  grasslands,  unreclaimed  land,  beaches,

water surfaces and other naturalresources may be used according to law by

units under ownership by thewhole people; or they may also  be  lawfully

assigned for use by unitsunder  collective ownership.  The  state  shall

protect the usufruct of thoseresources, and  the usufructuary  shall be

obliged to manage, protect andproperly use them.

State-owned mineral resourcesmay be mined according to law by units under

ownership by the whole peopleand units under collective ownership;

citizens may also lawfully minesuch resources. The  state shall  protect

lawful mining rights.

The right of  citizens  and collectives  to  lawfully  contract for  the

management of forests,mountains, grasslands,  unreclaimed  land,  beaches

and water surfaces that areowned by collectives or owned by the state but

used by collectives shall beprotected by law. The rights and obligations

of the two contracting partiesshall be  stipulated in  the  contract  in

accordance with thelaw.

State-owned  mineral  resources and  waters  as  well as  forest   land,

mountains, grasslands,unreclaimed land and beaches owned by the state and

those that are lawfully owned bycollectives  may not  be  sold,  leased,

mortgaged or illegallytransferred by any other means.

Article 82

Enterprises under ownership bythe whole people shall lawfully enjoy  the

rights of management overproperty that the state has authorized  them  to

manage and operate, and therights shall be protected by law.

Article 83

In the spirit of helpingproduction, making things convenient for people's

lives,  enhancing  unity and  mutual  assistance,  and being  fair   and

reasonable,neighbouring  users of  real  estate  shall maintain  proper

neighbourly  relations  over such  matters  as  water supply,  drainage,

passageway, ventilation andlighting. Anyone  who causes  obstruction  or

damage to his  neighbour,  shall stop  the  infringement,  eliminate the

obstruction and compensate forthe damage.

Section 2 Creditors'Rights

Article 84

A debt  represents  a special  relationship  of  rights and  obligations

established between the partiesconcerned, either according to the agreed

terms of a contract or legalprovisions. The party entitled to the  rights

shall be the creditor, and theparty assuming the obligations shall be the

debtor.

The creditor shall have theright to demand that  the debtor  fulfil  his

obligations as specified by thecontract or according to legal provisions.

Article 85

A contract shall be an agreementwhereby the parties establish, change  or

terminate their civilrelationship. Lawfully established contracts shall

be protected by law.

Article 86

When there are two or morecreditors to a deal,  each creditor  shall  be

entitled to rights in proportionto his proper share of the credit.  When

there are two or  more  debtors to  a  deal,  each debtor  shall assume

obligations in proportion to hisshare of the debt.

Article 87

When there are two or morecreditors or debtors to a deal,  each  of  the

joint creditors shall beentitled to demand that the  debtor  fulfil  his

obligations, in accordance withlegal provisions or the agreement between

the parties; each of the jointdebtors shall be  obliged to  perform  the

entire debt, and the debtor whoperforms the entire debt shall be entitled

to ask the other joint debtorsto reimburse him for their shares of  the

debt.

Article 88

The parties to a contract shallfully fulfil their obligations pursuant to

the terms of thecontract.

If a contract contains ambiguousterms regarding quality, time limit  for

performance, place ofperformance, or  price, and  the  intended  meaning

cannot be determined from thecontext of relevant terms in the  contract,

and if the parties cannot reachan  agreement  through consultation,  the

provisions below shallapply:

(1) If quality requirements areunclear,  state quality  standards  shall

apply; if there are no statequality standards, generally held  standards

shall apply.

(2) If the time limit forperformance is unclear, the debtor may  at  his

convenience fulfill hisobligations towards the creditor; the creditor may

also demand at any timethat  the  debtor perform  his  obligations,  but

sufficient notice shall be givento the debtor.

(3) If the place of performanceis unclear, and the payment is money,  the

performance shall be effected atthe seat or place  of residence  of  the

party receiving the payment; ifthe  payment  is other  than  money,  the

performance shall be effected atthe seat or place  of residence  of  the

party fulfilling theobligations.

(4) If the price agreed by theparties is unclear, the state-fixed  price

shall apply. If there is nostate-fixed price, the price shall be based on

market price or the price ofa  similar  article or  remuneration  for  a

similar service.

If the contract does not containan agreed term regarding rights to patent

application, any party who hascompleted an invention-creation shall  have

the right to apply for apatent.

If the contract does not containan agreed term regarding rights to patent

application, and technologicalresearch achievements,  the parties  shall

all have the right to use suchachievements.

Article 89

In accordance with legalprovisions the agreement between the  parties  on

the performance of a debt may beguaranteed using the methods below:

(1) A guarantor mayguarantee  to the  creditor  that  the debtor  shall

perform his debt. If the debtordefaults, the guarantor shall perform  the

debt or bear joint liabilityaccording to agreement. After performing  the

debt, the guarantor shall havethe  right  to claim  repayment  from  the

debtor.

(2) The debtor or a third partymay offer a specific property as a pledge.

If the debtor defaults, thecreditors shall be entitled to keep the pledge

to offset the debt or havepriority in satisfying his claim  out  of  the

proceeds  from  the sale  of  the  pledge pursuant  to  relevant   legal

provisions.

(3) Within the limits ofrelevant legal provisions, a party may  leave  a

deposit with the other party.After the debtor has  discharged his  debt,

the deposit shall either beretained as partial payment of the debt or  be

returned. If the party wholeaves the deposit defaults, he shall  not  be

entitled to demand the return ofthe deposit; if the party who accepts the

deposit defaults, he shall repaythe deposit in double.

(4) If a party has possession ofthe other party's property according  to

contract and the other partyviolates the contract by failing  to  pay  a

required sum of money within thespecified time limit, the possessor shall

have a lien on the property andmay keep the retained property to  offset

the debt or have priority insatisfying his claim out of the proceeds from

the sale of the propertypursuant to relevant legal provisions.

Article 90

Legitimate loan relationshipsshall be protected by law.

Article 91

If a party to a contracttransfers all or part of his contractual  rights

or obligations to a third party,he shall obtain the other party's consent

and may not seek profitstherefrom. Contracts  which according  to  legal

provisions are subject tostate  approval, such  as  transfers,  must be

approved by the authority thatoriginally approved  the contract,  unless

the law or the original contractstipulates otherwise.

Article 92

If profits are acquiredimproperly and without a lawful basis,  resulting

in another person's loss, theillegal profits shall  be returned  to  the

person who suffered theloss.

Article 93

If a person acts as manageror  provides  services in  order  to  protect

another person's  interests  when he  is  not  legally or  contractually

obligated to do so, he shall beentitled to claim from the beneficiary the

expenses necessary for suchassistance.

Section 3 Intellectual PropertyRights

Article 94

Citizens and legal persons shallenjoy rights of authorship (copyrights)

and shall be entitled to signtheir names as authors, issue  and  publish

their works and obtainremuneration in accordance with the law.

Article 95

The patent rights lawfullyobtained by citizens and legal persons shall be

protected by law.

Article 96

The rights to exclusiveuse  of  trademarks obtained  by  legal  persons,

individual businesses andindividual partnerships shall be  protected  by

law.

Article 97

Citizens  who  make discoveries  shall  be  entitled to  the  rights  of

discovery. A discoverer shallhave the right  to apply  for  and  receive

certificates of discovery,bonuses or other awards.

Citizens who makeinventions  or other  achievements  in  scientific and

technological research shallhave the  right to  apply  for  and receive

certificates of honour, bonusesor other awards.

Section 4 PersonalRights

Article 98

Citizens shall enjoy the rightsof life and health.

Article 99

Citizens shall enjoy the rightof personal name and shall be entitled  to

determine, use or change theirpersonal names in accordance with relevant

provisions. Interference with,usurpation of and false representation  of

personal names shall beprohibited.  Legal persons, individual  businesses

and individual partnershipsshall enjoy the right of name. Enterprises  as

legal persons, individualbusinesses  and individual  partnerships  shall

have the right to use andlawfully assign their own names.

Article 100

Citizens shall enjoy the rightof portrait.

The use of a citizen's portraitfor profit without his  consent shall  be

prohibited.

Article 101

Citizens and legalpersons  shall enjoy  the  right  of reputation.  The

personality of citizens shall beprotected by law, and the use of insults,

libel or other means to damagethe reputation of citizens or legal persons

shall be prohibited.

Article 102

Citizens and legal persons shallenjoy the right of honour. It  shall  be

prohibited tounlawfully  divest citizens  and  legal  persons of  their

honorary titles.

Article 103

Citizens shall enjoy the rightof marriage by choice. Mercenary marriages,

marriages upon arbitrarydecision by any third party and any other acts of

interference in the freedom ofmarriage shall be prohibited.

Article 104

Marriage, the family, oldpeople, mothers and children shall be  protected

by law. The lawfulrights  and interests  of  the  handicapped  shall  be

protected by law.

Article 105

Women shall enjoy equal civilrights with men.

    Chapter VI Civil Liability

Section 1 GeneralStipulations

Article 106

Citizens and legal persons whobreach a contract or fail to fulfil  other

obligations shall bear civilliability.

Citizens and legal persons whothrough their fault encroach upon state  or

collective property or theproperty or person of other people shall  bear

civil liability.  Civilliability shall still be borne even in the absence

of fault, if the law sostipulates.

Article 107

Civil liability shall not beborne for failure to perform a  contract  or

damage to a third party ifit  is  caused by  force  majeure,  except as

otherwise provided bylaw.

Article 108

Debts shall  be  cleared. If  a  debtor  is unable  to  repay  his debt

immediately, he may repay byinstalments with the consent of the creditor

or a ruling by a people'scourt.  If a debtor is capable of  repaying  his

debt but refuses to do so,repayment shall be compelled by the decision of

a people's court.

Article 109

If a person suffers damages frompreventing or  stopping encroachment  on

state or collective property, orthe property or person of a third party,

the  infringer  shall bear  responsibility  for  compensation,  and   the

beneficiary may also giveappropriate compensation.

Article 110

Citizens or legal persons whobear civil liability shall also be held  for

administrative responsibility ifnecessary.  If  the  acts committed  by

citizens and legal personsconstitute crimes, criminal responsibility  of

their legal representativesshall be investigated in accordance with  the

law.

Section 2 Civil Liability forBreach of Contract

Article 111

If a party fails to fulfil itscontractual  obligations  or  violates  the

term of a contract whilefulfilling the obligations, the other party shall

have the right to demandfulfillment or the taking of  remedial  measures

and claim compensation for itslosses.

Article 112

The party that breaches acontract shall be liable for compensation  equal

to the losses consequentlysuffered by the other party.

The parties may specify in acontract  that if  one  party  breaches the

contract it shall pay theother  party a  certain  amount  of breach  of

contract damages; they may alsospecify in  the contract  the  method  of

assessing the compensation forany  losses  resulting from  a  breach  of

contract.

Article 113

If both parties breach thecontract, each party shall bear its respective

civil liability.

Article 114

If one party is suffering lossesowing to  the other  party's  breach  of

contract, it shall  take  prompt measures  to  prevent  the losses  from

increasing; if it does notpromptly do so, it shall not have the right  to

claim compensation for theadditional losses.

Article 115

A party's right to claimcompensation for losses shall not be affected  by

the alteration or termination ofa contract.

Article 116

If a party fails to fulfil itscontractual obligations on  account  of  a

higher authority, it shall firstcompensate for the losses of  the  other

party or take other remedialmeasures as contractually agreed and then the

higher  authority  shall be  responsible  for  settling the  losses   it

sustained.

Section 3 Civil Liability forInfringement of Rights

Article 117

Anyone who encroaches onthe  property  of the  state,  a  collective or

another person shall return theproperty; failing that, he shall reimburse

its estimated price.  Anyonewho damages the  property of  the  state,  a

collective or another personshall restore the property to  its  original

condition or reimburse itsestimated price. If the victim  suffers  other

great losses therefrom, theinfringer shall compensate for those losses as

well.

Article 118

If the  rights  of authorship  (copyrights),  patent  rights, rights  to

exclusive use of trademarks,rights of discovery, rights of invention  or

rights for scientific andtechnological research achievements of  citizens

or  legal  persons  are infringed  upon  by  such means  as  plagiarism,

alteration or imitation, theyshall have the  right to  demand  that  the

infringement be stopped, its illeffects be eliminated and the damages  be

compensated for.

Article 119

Anyone who infringes upona  citizen's  person and  causes  him  physical

injury shall pay his medicalexpenses and his loss in income due to missed

working time and shall pay himliving subsidies if he is disabled; if  the

victim dies, the  infringe  shall also  pay  the  funeral expenses,  the

necessary living expenses ofthe  deceased's  dependents and  other  such

expenses.

Article 120

If a citizen's right of personalname, portrait, reputation or honour  is

infringed upon, he shall havethe right to demand that the infringement be

stopped, his reputation berehabilitated, the ill  effects be  eliminated

and an apology be made; he mayalso demand compensation for losses.

The above paragraph  shall  also apply  to  infringements  upon a  legal

person's right of name,reputation or honour.

Article 121

If a state organ or itspersonnel, while executing its duties,  encroaches

upon the lawful rights andinterests of a  citizen or  legal  person  and

causes damage, it shall bearcivil liability.

Article 122

If a substandard product causesproperty  damage or  physical  injury  to

others, the manufacturer orseller shall bear civil liability according to

law. If the transporter orstorekeeper is responsible for the matter,  the

manufacturer or seller shallhave the right to demand compensation for its

losses.

Article 123

If any person causes damage toother people by engaging in operations that

are greatly hazardous to thesurroundings, such  as operations  conducted

high  aboveground,  or those  involving  high  pressure, high   voltage,

combustibles, explosives, highlytoxic or radioactive substances or high-

speed means of transport, heshall bear civil liability; however,  if  it

can be proven that the damagewas deliberately caused by the  victim,  he

shall not bear civilliability.

Article 124

Any person who pollutes theenvironment and causes  damage to  others  in

violation  of  state provisions  for  environmental  protection and  the

prevention of pollution shallbear civil liability in accordance with  the

law.

Article 125

Any constructor who engagesin  excavation,  repairs or  installation  of

underground facilities in apublic place, on a roadside or in a passageway

without setting up clear signsand adopting safety  measures and  thereby

causes damage to others shallbear civil liability.

Article 126

If a building or any otherinstallation or an object placed or hung  on  a

structure collapses, detaches ordrops down and causes damage to  others,

its owner or manager shallbear  civil  liability, unless  he  can  prove

himself not at fault.

Article 127

If a domesticated animal causesharm to any person, its keeper or manager

shall bear civil liability. Ifthe harm occurs through the fault  of  the

victim, the keeper or managershall not bear civil liability; if the  harm

occurs through the fault of athird party,  the third  party  shall  bear

civil liability.

Article 128

A person who causes harm inexercising justifiable defence shall not  bear

civil liability. If justifiabledefence exceeds the  limits of  necessity

and undue harm is caused, anappropriate amount of civil liability  shall

be borne.

Article 129

If harm occurs through emergencyactions taken to avoid danger, the person

who gave rise to the dangershall bear  civil liability.  If  the  danger

arose from natural causes, theperson who took the emergency actions  may

either be exempt fromcivil  liability or  bear  civil  liability to  an

appropriate extent. If theemergency measures taken are improper or exceed

the limits of necessity andundue harm is caused, the person who took  the

emergency action shall bearcivil liability to an appropriate extent.

Article 130

If two or more persons jointlyinfringe upon another person's rights  and

cause him damage, they shallbear joint liability.

Article 131

If a victim is also at fault forcausing the damage, the civil  liability

of the infringe may bereduced.

Article 132

If none of the parties is atfault in causing damage, they may share civil

liability according to theactual circumstances.

Article 133

If a person without or withlimited  capacity for  civil  conduct  causes

damage to others, his guardianshall bear civil liability. If the guardian

has  done  his duty  of  guardianship,  his civil   liability   may   be

appropriately reduced.

If a person who has property butis without or with limited capacity  for

civil conduct causes damage toothers, the expenses of compensation  shall

be  paid  from  his property.   Shortfalls  in such  expenses  shall  be

appropriately compensated for bythe guardian unless  the guardian  is  a

unit.

Section 4 Methods of BearingCivil Liability

Article 134

The main methods of bearingcivil liability shall be:

(1) cessation ofinfringements;

(2) removal ofobstacles;

(3) elimination ofdangers;

(4) return ofproperty;

(5) restoration of originalcondition;

(6) repair, reworking orreplacement;

(7) compensation forlosses;

(8) payment of breach ofcontract damages;

(9) elimination of ill effectsand rehabilitation of reputation; and

(10) extension ofapology.

The above methods of bearingcivil liability may be applied exclusively or

concurrently.  Whenhearing civil cases, a people's court, in addition  to

applying the above stipulations,may serve admonitions, order the offender

to sign a pledge of  repentance,  and confiscate  the  property  used in

carrying out illegal activitiesand the illegal income obtained therefrom.

It may also impose fines ordetentions as stipulated by law.

    Chapter VII Limitation of Action

Article 135

Except as otherwise stipulatedby law, the limitation of action regarding

applications to a people's courtfor protection of civil rights shall  be

two years.

Article 136

The limitation ofaction  shall be  one  year  in cases  concerning  the

following:

(1) claims for compensation forbodily injuries;

(2) sales of substandard goodswithout proper notice to that effect;

(3) delays in paying rent orrefusal to pay rent; or

(4) loss of or damage toproperty left in the care of another person.

Article 137

A limitation of action shallbegin  when the  entitled  person  knows or

should know that  his  rights have  been  infringed  upon. However,  the

people's court shall not protecthis rights if 20 years have passed since

the infringement. Underspecial  circumstances,  the  people's  court may

extend the limitation ofaction.

Article 138

If a party chooses to fulfilobligations voluntarily after the limitation

of action has expired, he shallnot be subject to the limitation.

Article 139

A limitation of action shall besuspended during the last six  months  of

the limitation if the plaintiffcannot exercise his right of claim because

of force majeure or otherobstacles. The limitation shall resume  on  the

day when the grounds for thesuspension are eliminated.

Article 140

A limitation of action shall bediscontinued if suit is brought or if  one

party makes a claim for oragrees to fulfillment  of obligations.  A  new

limitation shall be counted fromthe time of the discontinuance.

Article 141

If the law has otherstipulations concerning limitation of  action,  those

stipulations shallapply.

    Chapter VIII Application of Law in Civil Relationswith Foreigners

Article 142

The application of  law  in civil  relations  with  foreigners shall  be

determined by the provisions inthis chapter.

If any internationaltreaty  concluded or  acceded  to  by the  People's

Republic of China containsprovisions differing from those in  the  civil

laws  of  the People's  Republic  of  China, the   provisions  of   the

international treaty shallapply, unless the provisions are ones on  which

the People's Republic of Chinahas announced reservations.  International

practice may be applied tomatters  for which  neither  the  law of  the

People's Republic ofChina  nor any  international  treaty  concluded or

acceded to by the People'sRepublic of China has any provisions.

Article 143

If a citizen of thePeople's  Republic of  China  settles  in a  foreign

country, the law of that countrymay be applicable as regards his capacity

for civil conduct.

Article 144

The ownership of immovableproperty shall be bound by the law of the place

where it is situated.

Article 145

The parties to a contractinvolving foreign interests may choose  the  law

applicable  to  settlement of  their  contractual  disputes, except   as

otherwise stipulated bylaw.  If  the parties  to  a  contract involving

foreign interests have not madea choice, the law of the country to which

the contract is most closelyconnected shall be applied.

Article 146

The law of the place where aninfringing act is committed shall apply  in

handling compensation claims forany damage caused by  the act.  If  both

parties are citizens of the samecountry or have established domicile  in

another country, the law oftheir own country or the country  of domicile

may be applied.

An act committed outside thePeople's  Republic of  China  shall  not be

treated as an infringing act ifunder the law of the People's Republic  of

China it is not considered aninfringing act.

Article 147

The marriage of a citizen of thePeople's Republic of China to a foreigner

shall be bound by the law of theplace where they  get married,  while  a

divorce shall be bound by thelaw of the place where a court accepts  the

case.

Article 148

Maintenance of a spouse afterdivorce shall be bound by the  law  of  the

country to which the spouse ismost closely connected.

Article 149

In the statutory succession ofan estate, movable property shall be  bound

by the law of the  decedent's  last place  of  residence,  and immovable

property shall be bound by thelaw of the  place where  the  property  is

situated.

Article 150

The application of foreign lawsor international  practice in  accordance

with the provisions of thischapter shall not violate the public  interest

of the People's Republic ofChina.

    Chapter IX Supplementary provisions

Article 151

The people's congresses of thenational  autonomous areas  may  formulate

separate adaptive orsupplementary regulations or provisions in accordance

with the principles of this Lawand in light of the characteristics of the

local nationalities.  Those  formulated by  the  people's  congresses of

autonomous regions shall besubmitted in accordance with the law  to  the

Standing Committee of theNational People's Congress for approval  or  for

the record. Those formulatedby  the  people's congresses  of  autonomous

prefectures or autonomouscounties shall  be submitted  to  the  standing

committee of the people'scongress in the relevant province or  autonomous

region for approval.

Article 152

If an enterprise owned by thewhole people has been established with  the

approval of the competentauthority of a province, autonomous  region  or

centrally administeredmunicipality or  at a  higher  level  and it  has

already been registered with theadministrative agency  for industry  and

commerce, before this Law comesinto force, it shall automatically qualify

as a legal person without havingto re-register as such.

Article 153

For  the  purpose of  this  Law,  "force majeure"  means  unforeseeable,

unavoidable and insurmountableobjective conditions.

Article 154

Time periods referred to in theCivil  Law shall  be  calculated  by the

Gregorian calendar in years,months, days and hours.

When a time period is prescribedin hours, calculation of the period shall

begin on the prescribed hour.When a time period is  prescribed in  days,

months and years, the day onwhich the period begins shall not be  counted

as within the period;calculation shall begin on the next day.

If the last day of a time periodfalls on a Sunday or an official holiday,

the day after the holiday shallbe taken as the last day.

The last day shall end at 24:00hours. If business hours are  applicable,

the last day shall end atclosing time.

Article 155

In this Law, the terms "not lessthan,"  "not more  than,"  "within"  and

"expires" shall include thegiven figure; the terms "under" and  "beyond"

shall not include the givenfigure.

Article 156

This Law shall come into forceon January 1, 1987.

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